"When relating one Fischer projection to another, it's important to realise that it may only be manipulated within the 2D plane in which it is drawn (that is, it may not be arbitrarily rotated within 3D space), and even then, it can only rotated in the plane it is drawn (2D) by 180 degrees ".
If structure 5 is rotated by 180 degrees in the plane of paper then we get structure 3.
Similarly if structure 6 is rotated by 180 degrees in the plane of paper then we get structure 4.
"When relating one Fischer projection to another, it's important to realise that it may only be manipulated within the 2D plane in which it is drawn (that is, it may not be arbitrarily rotated within 3D space), and even then, it can only rotated in the plane it is drawn (2D) by 180 degrees ".
If structure 5 is rotated by 180 degrees in the plane of paper then we get structure 3.
Similarly if structure 6 is rotated by 180 degrees in the plane of paper then we get structure 4.
It seems to me that your question is motivated by considering the central C atom as having two identical substituents. However, the fact that the two substituents have their own R or S makes them not identical, at least not always (only conformational differences do not reflect to the optical ones).
When the two sides of the molecule are not in the same configuration, it easy to see that the central atom is a stereocenter, too.
From here you proceed with max number of enantiomers = 2^n and so on, in which the previous answer might help you in how to identify symmetry elements - if you do not see them at a glance.
In this situation, the carbon is referred to as a pseudoasymmetric centre.
It seems to me that your question is motivated by considering the central C atom as having two identical substituents. However, the fact that the two substituents have their own R or S makes them not identical, at least not always (only conformational differences do not reflect to the optical ones).
When the two sides of the molecule are not in the same configuration, it easy to see that the central atom is a stereocenter, too.
From here you proceed with max number of enantiomers = 2^n and so on, in which the previous answer might help you in how to identify symmetry elements - if you do not see them at a glance.
In this situation, the carbon is referred to as a pseudoasymmetric centre.
Stereoisomerism comes by the atoms making up the isomers, joined in the same order, but still manage to have a different spatial arrangement.
Here is the molecule projected in space with 3D axis and are you able to see now if there's a plane of symmetry or not? NOTE: this is not the mirror image. Rotation of its mirror image does not generate the original structure. To superimpose the mirror images, bonds must be broken and reformed.
And you can see if you do spatial arrangements for all other structures in your question, they do have mirror images that are superimposable.
EDIT
I was trying to get a mirror image of the molecule using the application, but it doesn't turn out well. So I leave just the molecule here.
Stereoisomerism comes by the atoms making up the isomers, joined in the same order, but still manage to have a different spatial arrangement.
Here is the molecule projected in space with 3D axis and are you able to see now if there's a plane of symmetry or not? NOTE: this is not the mirror image. Rotation of its mirror image does not generate the original structure. To superimpose the mirror images, bonds must be broken and reformed.
And you can see if you do spatial arrangements for all other structures in your question, they do have mirror images that are superimposable.
EDIT
I was trying to get a mirror image of the molecule using the application, but it doesn't turn out well. So I leave just the molecule here.
It is easier to compare molecules is you rotate them all into a comparable position. Say 1 with the central C-3 hydroxyl group out of the plane of the screen/page like in 1, 4, 5 and 7.
So when we rotate a molecule by 180 degrees along a vertical axis in the plane of the paper, something going into the plane of the page on one end off the molecule rotates to become something coming out of the plane of the page on the other end of the molecule. Also central group flips from into to out of the page and vice-versa.
Hence we can tell that actually pairs (1,2), (3,4), (5,8) and (6,7) are the same molecule, just rotated by 180 degrees.
The absolute positions of the three centres doesn't matter, only the relative orientation of the end two to the central site.
It is easier to compare molecules is you rotate them all into a comparable position. Say 1 with the central C-3 hydroxyl group out of the plane of the screen/page like in 1, 4, 5 and 7.
So when we rotate a molecule by 180 degrees along a vertical axis in the plane of the paper, something going into the plane of the page on one end off the molecule rotates to become something coming out of the plane of the page on the other end of the molecule. Also central group flips from into to out of the page and vice-versa.
Hence we can tell that actually pairs (1,2), (3,4), (5,8) and (6,7) are the same molecule, just rotated by 180 degrees.
The absolute positions of the three centres doesn't matter, only the relative orientation of the end two to the central site.
The above drawn structures are 4 stereoisomers of pent 2,3,4,triol.
Note that structure 1 and 2 are meso compounds and therefore do not possess mirror images.
Structures 3 and 4 are an enentiomeric pair . Now you have 4 stereoisomers.
I am quoting from http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch07/ch7-7.html.
"When relating one Fischer projection to another, it's important to realise that it may only be manipulated within the 2D plane in which it is drawn (that is, it may not be arbitrarily rotated within 3D space), and even then, it can only rotated in the plane it is drawn (2D) by 180 degrees ".
If structure 5 is rotated by 180 degrees in the plane of paper then we get structure 3.
Similarly if structure 6 is rotated by 180 degrees in the plane of paper then we get structure 4.
Therefore we get on;y 4 isomers.
The above drawn structures are 4 stereoisomers of pent 2,3,4,triol.
Note that structure 1 and 2 are meso compounds and therefore do not possess mirror images.
Structures 3 and 4 are an enentiomeric pair . Now you have 4 stereoisomers.
I am quoting from http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch07/ch7-7.html.
"When relating one Fischer projection to another, it's important to realise that it may only be manipulated within the 2D plane in which it is drawn (that is, it may not be arbitrarily rotated within 3D space), and even then, it can only rotated in the plane it is drawn (2D) by 180 degrees ".
If structure 5 is rotated by 180 degrees in the plane of paper then we get structure 3.
Similarly if structure 6 is rotated by 180 degrees in the plane of paper then we get structure 4.
Therefore we get on;y 4 isomers.
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VOTE
It seems to me that your question is motivated by considering the central C atom as having two identical substituents. However, the fact that the two substituents have their own R or S makes them not identical, at least not always (only conformational differences do not reflect to the optical ones).
When the two sides of the molecule are not in the same configuration, it easy to see that the central atom is a stereocenter, too.
From here you proceed with max number of enantiomers = 2^n and so on, in which the previous answer might help you in how to identify symmetry elements - if you do not see them at a glance.
In this situation, the carbon is referred to as a pseudoasymmetric centre.
It seems to me that your question is motivated by considering the central C atom as having two identical substituents. However, the fact that the two substituents have their own R or S makes them not identical, at least not always (only conformational differences do not reflect to the optical ones).
When the two sides of the molecule are not in the same configuration, it easy to see that the central atom is a stereocenter, too.
From here you proceed with max number of enantiomers = 2^n and so on, in which the previous answer might help you in how to identify symmetry elements - if you do not see them at a glance.
In this situation, the carbon is referred to as a pseudoasymmetric centre.
More
VOTE
Stereoisomerism comes by the atoms making up the isomers, joined in the same order, but still manage to have a different spatial arrangement.
Here is the molecule projected in space with 3D axis and are you able to see now if there's a plane of symmetry or not? NOTE: this is not the mirror image. Rotation of its mirror image does not generate the original structure. To superimpose the mirror images, bonds must be broken and reformed.
And you can see if you do spatial arrangements for all other structures in your question, they do have mirror images that are superimposable.
EDIT
I was trying to get a mirror image of the molecule using the application, but it doesn't turn out well. So I leave just the molecule here.
Stereoisomerism comes by the atoms making up the isomers, joined in the same order, but still manage to have a different spatial arrangement.
Here is the molecule projected in space with 3D axis and are you able to see now if there's a plane of symmetry or not? NOTE: this is not the mirror image. Rotation of its mirror image does not generate the original structure. To superimpose the mirror images, bonds must be broken and reformed.
And you can see if you do spatial arrangements for all other structures in your question, they do have mirror images that are superimposable.
EDIT
I was trying to get a mirror image of the molecule using the application, but it doesn't turn out well. So I leave just the molecule here.
More
VOTE
It is easier to compare molecules is you rotate them all into a comparable position. Say 1 with the central C-3 hydroxyl group out of the plane of the screen/page like in 1, 4, 5 and 7.
So when we rotate a molecule by 180 degrees along a vertical axis in the plane of the paper, something going into the plane of the page on one end off the molecule rotates to become something coming out of the plane of the page on the other end of the molecule. Also central group flips from into to out of the page and vice-versa.
Hence we can tell that actually pairs (1,2), (3,4), (5,8) and (6,7) are the same molecule, just rotated by 180 degrees.
The absolute positions of the three centres doesn't matter, only the relative orientation of the end two to the central site.
It is easier to compare molecules is you rotate them all into a comparable position. Say 1 with the central C-3 hydroxyl group out of the plane of the screen/page like in 1, 4, 5 and 7.
So when we rotate a molecule by 180 degrees along a vertical axis in the plane of the paper, something going into the plane of the page on one end off the molecule rotates to become something coming out of the plane of the page on the other end of the molecule. Also central group flips from into to out of the page and vice-versa.
Hence we can tell that actually pairs (1,2), (3,4), (5,8) and (6,7) are the same molecule, just rotated by 180 degrees.
The absolute positions of the three centres doesn't matter, only the relative orientation of the end two to the central site.
More
VOTE
VOTE