Sorbitol

182.17200

182.17

619-324-4

506T60A25R

0892

759608

DTXSID5023588

C29462

Needles from water|White powder, as granules, or as crystalline masses|White crystalline powder|WHITE POWDER, GRANULES, OR FLAKES

A06AD18|A - Alimentary tract and metabolism|B - Blood and blood forming organs|V - Various

2905440000

121.38000

-2.2

Transparent to light yellow syrup like liquid

1.489 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

110-112 °C

295 °C @ Press: 3.5 Torr

292.5ºC

1.597

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20°C: 220

Store in cool place. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

<0.1 mm Hg ( 25 °C)

LD50 orally in Rabbit: 15900 mg/kg

Specific optical rotation: -2.0 deg at 20 °C/D (water)

Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures

Odorless

Sweet taste, approx 60% as sweet as sugar (wt/wt)

pH: about 7.0

13.6None

Henry's Law constant = 7.3X10-13 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

13.6|pKa: 13.6 at 17.5 °C|pKa = 13.57

142.5 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: DT, Method: single field calibrated with Agilent tune mix (Agilent)]|129.64 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT, Method: single field calibrated with Agilent tune mix (Agilent)]|142.9 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: DT, Method: single field calibrated with ESI Low Concentration Tuning Mix (Agilent)]|131.4 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT, Method: single field calibrated with ESI Low Concentration Tuning Mix (Agilent)]|147.2 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT, Method: stepped-field]|139.4 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: DT, Method: stepped-field]|131.9 Ų [M-H]-

Hydrated crystals melt somewhat below 100 °C; in healthy human organism 1 g of sorbitol yields 3.994 calories ...|Commercial 70% aq soln: Density: 1.2879 at 20 °C/20 °C; Index of refraction: 1.45831 at 25 °C/D; Specific optical rotation: -2.10 deg at 20 °C/D; BP: 105 °C at 760 mm Hg; pH: 6-7; Viscosity at 25 °C: 110 centipoises (cP)|HYGROSCOPICITY: MEDIUM-LOW; SOLVENCY (FOR OILS): POOR; HIGH TEMP RESISTANCE: STABLE|High % sorbitol solutions are much more viscous than corresponding glycerol solutions|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 5.0X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

Water soluble.

Alcohols and Polyols

SORBITOL is an alcohol. Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. They react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water. Oxidizing agents convert them to aldehydes or ketones. Alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior. They may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides.

-3025.5 kJ.mol

2

R36/37/38

S8

LZ4290000

Xi

Stable. Avoid strong oxidizing agents. Protect from moisture.

SRP: Criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.|Observe all federal, state, and local environmental regulations.

Materials to avoid: Strong oxidizing agents.

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).|Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: sorbitol is included in digestive aid drug products.|Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: sorbitol is included in oral health care drug products (nonantimicrobial).|Sorbitol used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.|The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations List identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, incl sorbitol, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

IPCS/Commission of the European Communities; International Chemical Safety Card on D-Sorbitol (October 2002).[Available from, as of January 12, 2009: http://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html]

Combustible. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.

Goggles or face shield; protective clothing for hot liquid. (USCG, 1999)|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|Safety spectacles, or eye protection in combination with breathing protection if powder.|Respiratory protection: Respiratory protection is not required. Where protection from nuisance levels of dust are desired, use type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) dust masks. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|Hand protection: For prolonged or repeated contact use protective gloves.|Eye protection: Safety glasses.

Combustible

Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.

In case of fire in the surroundings: use appropriate extinguishing media.|Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.|Special protective equipment for fire-fighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Personal precautions: Avoid dust formation.|Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains.|Methods for cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

NO open flames.|Prevent deposition of dust; closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting.|Handling: Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Normal measures for preventive fire protection.|In case of skin contact: Wash off with soap and plenty of water.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for D-Sorbitol (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.|May cause respiratory tract irritation. May cause skin irritation. May cause eye irritation.

Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.

A nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance may cause effects on the gastrointestinal tract.

NO open flames. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Wear safety spectacles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection if powder.

Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 15900 mg/kg [Rat].

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of common excipients such as sugars (sorbitol versus sucrose) on bioequivalence between pharmaceutical formulations, using ranitidine and metoprolol as model drugs. METHODS: Two single-dose, replicated, crossover studies were first conducted in healthy volunteers (N=20 each) to compare the effect of 5 Gm of sorbitol and sucrose on bioequivalence of 150 mg ranitidine or 50 mg metoprolol in aqueous solution, followed by a single-dose, nonreplicated, crossover study (N=24) to determine the threshold of sorbitol effect on bioequivalence of 150 mg ranitidine in solution. RESULTS: Ranitidine Cmax and AUC0-infinity were decreased by approximately 50% and 45%, respectively, in the presence of sorbitol versus sucrose. Similarly, sorbitol reduced metoprolol Cmax by 23% but had no significant effect on AUC0-infinity. An appreciable subject-by-formulation interaction was found for ranitidine Cmax and AUC0-infinity, as well as metoprolol Cmax. Sorbitol decreased the systemic exposure of ranitidine in a dose-dependent manner and affected bioequivalence at a level of 1.25 Gm or greater. CONCLUSIONS: As exemplified by sorbitol, some common excipients have unexpected effect on bioavailability/bioequivalence, depending on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug, as well as the type and amount of the excipient present in the formulation. More research is warranted to examine other common excipients that may have unintended influence on bioavailability/bioequivalence.

LD50 Rat sc 29,600 mg/kg|LD50 Rat iv 7100 mg/kg|LD50 Rat oral 15,900 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 17,800 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse iv 9480 mg/kg

The effects of glucose, sorbitol and xylitol ingestion on calciuria, oxaluria and phosphaturia in healthy black and white males on a standardized diet were investigated. After ingestion, they collected urine hourly for 3 hr. Glucose decreased phosphaturia in blacks. Sorbitol decreased phosphaturia in both groups and increased oxaluria in whites. Xylitol increased oxaluria in blacks. Decreases in phosphaturia are attributed to penetration by phosphate into cells leading to decreases in phosphatemia and the renal filtered load. /The authors/ suggest that this mechanism is more sensitive in blacks, ... speculate that the increase in oxaluria after sorbitol ingestion occurs via its conversion to glyoxylate and that this pathway may be blocked in blacks. For the increase in oxaluria after xylitol ingestion, it is hypothesized that ketohexokinase and aldolase may be more active in blacks...

Occurs in small amounts in various fruits and berries|D-Sorbitol occurs in apples, plums, pears, cherries, dates, peaches, apricots and other fruits(1).|D-Sorbitol, a hexitol, is most widely distributed polyol in nature. It is mainly found in fruits of rosacea.

D-Sorbitol's production and use as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations; as a diluent in tablet formulations; as a stabilizer for drug, vitamin, and antacid suspensions(1); and in the manufacture of sorbose, ascorbic acid, propylene glycol, synthetic plasticizers and resins(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that D-sorbitol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of D-sorbitol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.3X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). D-Sorbitol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 9.9X10-9 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 81% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating(5) that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that D-sorbitol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.3X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of -2.20(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). D-Sorbitol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 81% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks(8) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), D-sorbitol, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 9.9X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase D-sorbitol may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). D-Sorbitol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

D-Sorbitol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(1). D-Sorbitol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(1) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for D-sorbitol(SRC), using a log Kow of -2.20(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of D-sorbitol can be estimated to be 10(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that sorbitol is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for D-sorbitol is estimated as 7.3X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that sorbitol is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water or moist soil surfaces(2). D-Sorbitol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 9.9X10-9 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Report, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use for D-sorbitol is 100 to 999; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 669,284 workers (461,984 of these were female) were potentially exposed to D-sorbitol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to D-sorbitol may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where D-sorbitol is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to D-sorbitol mainly through ingestion of fruits, food, and pharmaceuticals containing D-sorbitol(SRC).

Used as a non-stimulant laxative via an oral suspension or enema.

Cathartics; Diuretics, Osmotic; Indicators and Reagents; Pharmaceutic Aids|A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications.|The objective of this report is to describe a cost-effective strategy for management of constipation in nursing home residents with dementia. ... A prospective observational quality improvement study of 41 residents with chronic constipation and receiving an osmotic laxative /was conducted/. Sorbitol was substituted for lactulose. ... The number and amount of laxative use over a period of 4 weeks that were required to maintain regular bowel function was measured. . RESULTS: There was no difference in efficacy of lactulose and sorbitol. Use of additional laxatives was infrequent ... .|Osmotic diuretic given iv in 50% (wt/vol) solution to diminish edema, to lower cerebrospinal pressure, or to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma ... Dose: 50 to 100 mL of 50% solution; as laxative, oral, 30-50 g. /Former use/|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for D-Sorbitol (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

It is not to be injected. /Sorbitol solution USP/|The administration of a cathartic alone has no role in the management of the poisoned patient and is not recommended as a method of gut decontamination. Experimental data are conflicting regarding the use of cathartics in combination with activated charcoal. No clinical studies have been published to investigate the ability of a cathartic, with or without activated charcoal, to reduce the bioavailability of drugs or to improve the outcome of poisoned patients. Based on available data, the routine use of a cathartic in combination with activated charcoal is not endorsed. If a cathartic is used, it should be limited to a single dose in order to minimize adverse effects.|Side effects occur rarely following rectal administration of glycerin or sorbitol ... Rectal discomfort, irritation, burning or griping, cramping pain, and tenesmus /(straining)/. Hyperemia of rectal mucosa with minimal amounts of hemorrhage and mucus discharge ... occur less frequently following rectal administration of sorbitol.|Diarrhea frequently occurs with dosages of sorbitol used as adjuncts to sodium polystyrene sulfonate therapy.|For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for D-Sorbitol (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Substances that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc., such as sugar, saccharine or other low-calorie synthetic products. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed) (See all compounds classified as Sweetening Agents.)|Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant and Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499) (See all compounds classified as Indicators and Reagents.)|Agents that are used to stimulate evacuation of the bowels. (See all compounds classified as Cathartics.)

Sorbitol will either be excreted in the urine by the kidneys, or metabolized to carbon dioxide and dextrose.|The amounts of sorbitol (SOR) excreted in 24-hr urine were determined on two groups, ie, diabetic and nondiabetic patients, using an improved method in which ion exchange resin column processing was applied, and these levels were compared with SOR levels in whole blood. Urinary SOR concentration was also determined in diabetic and normal rats in the same manner and its relationship to aldose reductase (AR) activity in whole blood was investigated. Changes in SOR levels in urine and whole blood were compared in diabetic rats after administration of an AR inhibitor (ARI). Whole blood SOR levels and urinary SOR excretion were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in nondiabetic patients. The same results were obtained in the animal models. In diabetic rats, the urinary SOR excretion was about five times higher than that in control rats, and the AR activity in whole blood was also significantly higher. The increase in urinary SOR excretion and whole blood SOR levels, as well as AR activity, in blood in the diabetic state was inhibited by ARI administration. The influence of the diabetic state and the efficacy of the ARI were more marked in urinary SOR excretion than in whole blood SOR levels. These data indicate that determinations of urinary SOR excretion and AR activity are easily measurable and of benefit to assessing the diabetic condition.|An accelerated polyol pathway in diabetes contributes to the development of diabetic complications. To elucidate diabetic nephropathy involving also renal tubular damage, ...urinary sorbitol concentrations /were measured/ concomitantly with urinary N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) excretion in WBN-kob diabetic rats.Twenty-four-hour urinary sorbitol concentrations increased in the diabetic rats in parallel with whole blood sorbitol concentrations. An increase in 24-h urinary NAG excretion coincided with the elevated urinary sorbitol levels in the diabetic rats. The administration of epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, reduced the increased whole blood and urinary sorbitol concentrations and urinary NAG excretion concomitantly with renal aldose reductase inhibition in the diabetic rats. These results indicate that diabetic nephropathy involves distorted cell function of renal tubules, and that treatment with epalrestat may prevent at least the progress of the nephropathy.|The purpose of this study was to determine whether sorbitol concentration is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of non-medically ill patients with mood disorders. Lumbar punctures were performed on 30 subjects - 10 with bipolar mood disorder, 10 with unipolar mood disorder, and 10 age-matched normal controls, and CSF sorbitol concentrations were measured, using a gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic technique. The mean+/-standard deviation of CSF sorbitol concentrations differed among the three groups as follows: bipolar (22.9+/-4.6 umoles/L) > unipolar (19.0+/-2.8 umoles/L)>normal control (15. 6+/-1.9 umoles/L). One-way ANOVA showed significant (P=0.0002) differences among the three groups. Post-hoc tests indicated a significant (P<0.05) difference between bipolars and normal controls, bipolars and unipolars, and unipolars and normal controls...|Streptozocin (Str) diabetic rats were obtained by Str iv (35 mg/kg). Glycemia and sorbitol levels from sciatic nerve and lens were measured after 1 d, 2, 5, and 8 months of diabetes. Sorbitol concentrations in serum, heart, diaphragm, small intestine, and kidney after 8 months of diabetes were measured. RESULTS: Diabetic rats after Str injection showed hyperglycemia (> 1.7 g.L-1), hyperphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, and loss of body weight. Sorbitol levels in lens and sciatic nerve increased in normal and diabetic rats; the increase was higher in diabetic rats. No relationship was shown between glycemia and sorbitol levels. An increased sorbitol level after 8 months of diabetes was found in small intestine and kidney...|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for D-Sorbitol (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Sorbitol is widely used in a number of pharmaceutical products and occurs naturally in many edible fruits and berries. It is absorbed more slowly from the gastrointestinal tract than sucrose and is metabolized in the liver to fructose and glucose ... Sorbitol is better tolerated by diabetics than sucrose and is widely used in many sugar-free liquid vehicles ...|70% of orally ingested sorbitol is converted to carbon dioxide without appearing as glucose in the blood ...

Sorbitol exerts its laxative effect by drawing water into the large intestine, thereby stimulating bowel movements.|... Sorbitol exerts hygroscopic and/or local irritant action, drawing water from tissues into feces and reflexly stimulating evacuation.|The polyol pathway consists of two enzymes aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH); the former is the first enzyme in the polyol pathway, that catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol, the latter is the second one, that converts sorbitol to fructose using by NAD(+) as a cofactor. ... SDH activity, the second step in the polyol pathway, might make a greater contribution to the etiology of diabetic retinopathy than does the first step involving AR. /This paper proposes/ a novel hypothesis that polymorphisms of SDH gene may be correlated with SDH gene expression levels in diabetic retinas, thus being a valuable genetic marker for diabetic retinopathy.|It has been reported that sorbitol induces apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. ... In /this/ study, the intracellular signaling pathways of sorbitol-induced apoptosis in human K562 cells were investigated using both morphological analysis and DNA fragmentation technique. In this study, we demonstrated that sorbitol-induced apoptosis in human K562 cells is a concentration- and time-dependent manner. This sorbitol-induced apoptosis in human K562 cells was also accompanied by the up-regulation of Bax, and down-regulation of p-Bcl-2, but no effect on the levels of Bcl-X(L). Moreover, the sorbitol treatment resulted in a significant reduction of mitochondria membrane potential, increase in the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c (cyt c), and activation of caspase 3. Furthermore, treatment with caspase 3 inhibitor (z-DEVD-fmk) was capable of preventing the sorbitol-induced caspase 3 activity and cell death. These results clearly demonstrate that the induction of apoptosis by sorbitol involves multiple cellular/molecular pathways and strongly suggest that pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial cyt c, and caspase 3, they all participate in sorbitol-induced apoptotic process in human K562 cells.|Chronic diabetic complications, in particular, nephropathy, peripheral and autonomic neuropathy, "diabetic foot," retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease, remain the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. Growing evidence indicates that both increased activity of the sorbitol pathway of glucose metabolism and enhanced oxidative stress are the leading factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. The relation between the two mechanisms remains the area of controversy. One group has reported that increased sorbitol pathway activity has a protective rather than detrimental role in complication-prone tissues because the pathway detoxifies toxic lipid peroxidation products. Others put forward a so-called "unifying hypothesis" suggesting that activation of several major pathways implicated in diabetic complications (eg, sorbitol pathway) occurs due to increased production of superoxide anion radicals in mitochondria and resulting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. This review (a) presents findings supporting a key role for the sorbitol pathway in oxidative stress and oxidative stress-initiated downstream mechanisms of diabetic complications, and (b) summarizes experimental evidence against a detoxifying role of the sorbitol pathway, as well as the "unifying concept."

Arsenic (as As): not more than 3 mg/kg; Chloride: not more than 0.005%; Heavy metals (as Pb): not more than 5 mg/kg; Lead: not more than 1 mg/kg; reducing sugar: Not more than 0.3%; Ash: not more than 0.1%; Sulfate: not more than 0.01%; Total sugars: not more than 1.0%; Water: not more than 1.0%

Hot liquid will burn skin. (USCG, 1999)

Only for burns caused by hot liquid. (USCG, 1999)

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ /Child; Child, preschool; Infant/ Carbohydrate malabsorption after apple juice ingestion may produce abdominal symptoms and diarrhea, especially in children. The carbohydrates suggested to play roles in this process are fructose, as it is present in excess of glucose, and sorbitol. Absorption of the carbohydrates in apple juice was investigated in 17 children and 12 adults by means of the hydrogen breath test. Apple juice was given at a dose of 15 mL/kg body weight, with a maximum of 375 mL. Fructose (0.6 g/kg) and sorbitol (0.06 g/kg), alone and in combination, were administered in amounts similar to their contents in apple juice (fructose as excess over glucose content). Apple juice malabsorption, as judged by a peak breath H2 excretion of > or = 20 ppm, was found in 11 children (65%) and 4 adults (33%). Of those malabsorbing apple juice, 7 of 11 children malabsorbed fructose, 1 of 11 sorbitol, and 4 of 11 the combination; the four adults absorbed all test solutions completely. ... /No/ additive effect of sorbitol on breath H2 excretion after fructose ingestion /was found/. Peak breath H2 concentrations after apple juice ingestion (mean +/- SEM: 43 +/- 7 ppm) were higher than those with fructose (23 +/- 5 ppm; p < 0.05) or the fructose-sorbitol combination (20 +/- 5 ppm; p < 0.05). Fructose, and not sorbitol, is the sugar responsible for the increase in breath H2 after apple juice consumption and therefore for the diarrhea accompanying excessive apple juice consumption in toddlers.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The aim of this study was to study sugar maldigestion/malabsorption in patients with functional dyspepsia using H2 breath testing. End-expiratory breath H2 after separate challenges with lactose (25 g), fructose (25 g), and sorbitol (5 g) were used to determine malabsorption, as well as small bowel transit time (SBTT). Five hundred twenty patients with functional dyspepsia received all three challenges. Smaller groups were also tested after lactulose (10 g, N = 36) and glucose (50 g, N = 90) challenges. Fructose and sorbitol were closely linked with respect to absorption and malabsorption status. Only in the case of lactose maldigestion/malabsorption was there a greater than random prevalence of malabsorption (P < 0.001) for fructose and sorbitol. In contrast to lactose, ethnic origin did not influence fructose or sorbitol malabsorption, and females predominated among fructose and sorbitol malabsorbers. In Jews, the prevalence of lactose maldigestion/malabsorption decreased in the age group of 25-55 and subsequently rose after 55, while fructose and sorbitol malabsorption decreased progressively with advancing age. With respect to small bowel transit time (SBTT), in the case of sorbitol and lactulose, it was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those for fructose and lactose. Multiple sugar malabsorptions are common when lactose maldigestion/malabsorption is present.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Normal subjects may incompletely absorb either lactose, fructose, or sorbitol and may therefore have abdominal symptoms. The frequency of coincidental malabsorption of these sugars is not known. This is clinically important, since we often ingest them during the same day and malabsorption may cause abdominal symptoms. To shed light on this issue ...32 normal subjects /were studied/. Volunteers drank in random order the following solutions: 20 g lactulose, 50 g sucrose, 50 and 25 g lactose, 50 and 25 g fructose, 20 and 10 g sorbitol. Semiquantitative carbohydrate malabsorption was estimated with lactulose standards. Frequency of 50-g lactose (69%), 50-g fructose (81%), and 20-g sorbitol (84%) malabsorption was not significantly different (P = 0.3). The estimated median fraction of the ingested high dose malabsorbed was 42, 19, and 68% for lactose, fructose, and sorbitol, respectively. At low challenging doses, 63% of the volunteers absorbed two of three or all three sugars, and 88% were asymptomatic to two or all three sugars. In conclusion, the frequency of coincidental malabsorption of lactose, fructose, and sorbitol and intolerance to these sugars is not common, when normal adults ingest them at low doses.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The effects of glucose, sorbitol and xylitol ingestion on calciuria, oxaluria and phosphaturia in healthy black and white males on a standardized diet were investigated. After ingestion, they collected urine hourly for 3 hr. Glucose decreased phosphaturia in blacks. Sorbitol decreased phosphaturia in both groups and increased oxaluria in whites. Xylitol increased oxaluria in blacks. Decreases in phosphaturia are attributed to penetration by phosphate into cells leading to decreases in phosphatemia and the renal filtered load. /The authors/ suggest that this mechanism is more sensitive in blacks, ... speculate that the increase in oxaluria after sorbitol ingestion occurs via its conversion to glyoxylate and that this pathway may be blocked in blacks. For the increase in oxaluria after xylitol ingestion, it is hypothesized that ketohexokinase and aldolase may be more active in blacks...|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for D-Sorbitol (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Glucitol

24% as a chemical intermediate for Vitamin C; 24% as a humectant in tooth paste and as a gel base for pharmaceuticals; 16% as a humectant and sugarless additive to foods; 15% as a chemical intermediate for industrial surfactants, derivatives used in cosmetics and foods, and dispersants and stabilizers in pharmaceuticals; 7% as a liquid vehicle, stabilizer, and sweetener in pharmaceuticals; 2% as a chemical intermediate for polyethers; 12% in miscellaneous applications, including as a substitute for glycerin, chemical intermediate for glycerin substitutes, and a humectant in tobacco, paste polishes, and pet foods (1974)|Toothpaste, 35%; Foods, Candy & confections, 30%; Ascorbic acid & salts, 20%; Surfactants, 5%; Cosmetics & toiletries, 3%; Pharmaceuticals, 2%; Miscellaneous, 5% (1984)|CHEMICAL PROFILE: Sorbitol. US End-use Pattern for Sorbitol in 1986.|CHEMICAL PROFILE: Sorbitol. US End-use Pattern for Sorbitol in 1989.|For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for D-Sorbitol (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Sorbitol solution USP is a water solution containing, in each 100 g, 69-71 g of total solids consisting essentially of d-sorbitol and a small amount of mannitol and other isomeric polyhydric alcohols ... It has been used as replacement for propylene glycol and glycerin.|Grades: Crystals; Technical; 70% aq soln (USP); Resin; Powder; FCC (solid & soln).

All other basic organic chemical manufacturing|D-Glucitol: ACTIVE|Used as sweetening agent for diabetics because insulin is not required for its metabolism in the body ... Used in foodstuff industry as agent for preserving moisture and as a softener.|Report on GRAS food ingredients.|Corn sugar, hydrolyzed starch, and other sources of glucose may be used to produce sorbitol|The sorbitol solution is purified in two steps: (1) by passing through an ion exchange resin bed to remove gluconate as well as other ions, and, (2) by treatment with activated carbon to remove trace organic impurities|All sorbitol is produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of sugars with most material made from dextrose (also called glucose or corn sugar)

SPECTROPHOTOMETER OR SPECTRUM-LINE PHOTOMETER FOR DETERMINATION OF D-SORBITOL IN FOODSTUFF CHEMISTRY & CLINICAL CHEMISTRY.|AOAC 973.28. Sorbitol in food. Gas chromatographic method.|A very specific and exact separation can be obtained by means of HPLC, which is generally the method of choice for quick and safe product control. The enzymatic determination of sorbitol used for clinical analysis has gained acceptance for food analysis although its specificity is doubtful. In this reaction, sorbitol is oxidized to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase in the presence of NAD. The amount of NADH, which is produced during the course of the reaction is equivalent to the amount of sorbitol present. The NADH absorption is measured at 334, 336 or 340 nm.|SORBITOL DETECTED IN HUMECTANTS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH N CARRIER & FLAME IONIZATION DETECTION.|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for D-Sorbitol (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Processing Aids and Additives|Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern|Food additives|Human drugs -> Rare disease (orphan)|Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients|Food Additives -> BULKING_AGENT; HUMECTANT; SEQUESTRANT; STABILIZER; SWEETENER; TEXTURIZER; THICKENER; -> JECFA Functional Classes|Cosmetics -> Humectant; Plasticiser; Skin conditioning

Food Additives -> BULKING_AGENT; HUMECTANT; SEQUESTRANT; STABILIZER; SWEETENER; TEXTURIZER; THICKENER;