Lead sulfide (PbS)

239.26

239.94900

215-246-6

3077

DTXSID0025498

Silvery, metallic crystals or black powder|Metallic black cubic crystals

32.09000

0.26740

White Metallic Crystals, Powder Lump

7.57-7.59 g/cm³

1114 °C

1281 °C @ Press: 800 Torr

3.921

soluble in water (0.00086g/L) and acid.Insoluble in alcohol, and potassium hydroxide.soluble in strong HNO3, in excess of hot HCl

-20°C

1 Pa at 656 deg C; 10 Pa at 741 deg C; 100 Pa at 838 deg C; 1kPa at 953 deg C; 10 kPa at 1088 deg C; 100 kPa at 1280 deg C

Celiac-rat LDL0: 1810 mg/kg

Non-combustible; toxic sulfur oxides and lead-containing fumes are produced in the fire

Enthalpy of Fusion: 49.4 kJ/mol|Photoconductive. Dissolves easily in dilute nitric acid where the sulfur is oxidized to the elemental state. Hardness 2.5-2.75 on Mohs' scale.

Insoluble in water.

Sulfides, Inorganic

The reaction between iodine monochloride and any of the following is vigorous: cadmium sulfide, lead sulfide, silver sulfide, or zinc sulfide [Mellor 2, Supp. 1:502. 1956].

III

6.1(b)

UN 3077 9/PG 3

3

61-20/22-33-50/53-62

53-45-60-61

OG4550000

T,N

Warehouse low temperature, ventilated, dry

Stable. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, acids, water.

P201-P260-P280-P301 + P312 + P330-P308 + P313

H302 + H332-H360Df-H373-H410

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.|SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.|Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.|Chemical Treatability of Lead; Concentration Process: Biological Treatment; Chemical Classification: Metal; Scale of Study: Respirometer Study; Results of Study: Oxygen uptake inhibited. /Inorganic lead cmpd/|Chemical Treatability of Lead; Concentration Process: Biological Treatment; Chemical Classification: Metal; Scale of Study: Laboratory Scale; Type of Wastewater Used: Synthetic Wastewater; Results of Study: No stimulation or inhibition of biological growth (study of Nitrosomonas bacteria). /Inorganic lead cmpd/

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, iodine monochloride, hydrogen peroxide|Violent reaction with /iodine monochloride and hydrogen peroxide/.|The reaction between iodine monochloride and ... lead sulfide ... is vigorous.|Hydrogen peroxide reacts vigorously with ... lead sulfide ... .|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Lead(II) Sulfide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Lead (August 2007).[Available from, as of May 3, 2016: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp13.pdf]|National Toxicology Program; Report on Carcinogens, Thirteenth Edition (2014). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Lead and Lead Compounds are listed as reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens. /Lead and Lead Compounds/[Available from, as of May 3, 2016: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/roc13/]

Behavior in Fire: At fire temperatures emits highly toxic and irritating sulfur oxides. (USCG, 1999)

|Danger|H302+H332 (23.53%): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]|P201, P202, P260, P261, P263, P264, P270, P271, P273, P281, P301+P312, P304+P312, P304+P340, P308+P313, P312, P314, P330, P391, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 68 companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]|P201, P202, P260, P261, P271, P281, P304+P312, P304+P340, P308+P313, P312, P314, P405, and P501|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P281, P301+P312, P304+P312, P304+P340, P308+P313, P312, P314, P330, P391, P405, and P501|H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P281, P307+P311, P308+P313, P314, P321, P405, and P501

Protective clothing, rubber gloves, safety goggles, or face mask and an approved respirator. (USCG, 1999)|Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for Lead(II) Sulfide (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.|Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam extinguishers. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), with draw immediately to a secure position.|If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) /Lead sulfide, liquid/|For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for Lead(II) Sulfide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Lead is combustible in powder form when exposed to heat or flame. /Inorganic lead/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.|Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters|Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be contained with a flexible impermeable membrane liner./ Cover solids with plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /Lead sulfide, liquid/|Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Lead sulfide, liquid/|For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Lead(II) Sulfide (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.|Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.|Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Lead(II) Sulfide (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Permissible Exposure Limit: (1) The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than fifty micrograms per cubic meter of air (50 ug/cu m) averaged over an 8-hr period. (2) If an employee is exposed to lead for more than 8 hr in any work day, the permissible exposure limit, as a time weighted average (TWA) for that day, shall be reduced according to the following formula: Maximum permissible limit (in ug/cu m)=400 divided by the number of hours worked in the day. (3) When respirators are used to supplement engineering and work practice controls to comply with the PEL and all the requirements of paragraph (f) have been met, employee exposure, for the purpose of determining whether the employer has complied with the PEL, may be considered to be at the level provided by the protection factor of the respirator for those periods the respirator is worn. Those periods may be averaged with exposure levels during periods when respirators are not worn to determine the employee's daily TWA exposure. /Lead means metallic lead, all inorganic lead compounds, and organic lead soaps. Excluded from this definition are all other organic lead compounds./

NIOSH considers "Lead" to mean metallic lead, lead oxides, and lead salts (including organic salts such as lead soaps but excluding lead arsenate).|Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 hr Time-Weighted Avg: 0.050 mg/cu m /Lead/|Air concentrations should be maintained so that worker blood lead remains less than 0.06 mg Pb/100 g of whole blood. /Lead/

National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds, measured as elemental lead by a reference method based on appendix G to this part, or by an equivalent method, are: 1.5 ug/cu m, maximum arithmetic mean averaged over a calendar quarter. /Lead and its compounds, as Pb/|Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Lead compounds are included on this list. /Lead compounds/

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/

Lead(II) sulfide was identified, not quantified, in particulate matter collected on a filter in the vicinity of a lead smelter(1). The chemical composition of baghouse effluent from smelting and refining operations is largely lead(II) sulfide; 70-95% in some cases with lead sulfate, lead oxide.lead sulfate and elemental lead also being present(2). Lead in a sewage wastewater effluent was found as the sulfide(3).

SEDIMENT: Lead(II) sulfide, although present, was not the dominant lead species identified in contaminated aquifer water/solids(1).

moderately toxic

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Lead sulfide forms metallic black cubic crystals. It is used in glazing earthenware, as a friction additive in clutch facings and disc brakes. It is also used in photoconductive cells, infrared detectors, transistors, humidity sensors in rockets, catalysts for removing mercaptans from petroleum distillates, mirror coatings to limit reflectivity, high temperature solid-film lubricants, and in blue lead pigments. Lead sulfide quantum dots have biomedical applications. ANIMAL STUDIES: Lead sulfide may deposit as a thin line along the gingival margin. This line appears blue to black and is called a Burtonian line. It is characteristic of chronic lead poisoning. A case of chronic lead poisoning with lead sulfide presented clinically with abdominal crampoid pain, encephalopathy (manifested as anxiety and irritability), a Burtonian gingival border and microcytic sideropenic anemia. ANIMAL STUDIES: Lead sulfide was found to have a low bioavailability in rat at repeated doses and thus did not result in overt toxicity. In rats, deposits of a black/brown pigment were recognized in the lung 12 weeks after the intratracheal administration of lead sulfide in dosages of 15 or 30 mg, with cells exhibiting a light foam reaction. A black/brown pigment was deposited nodularly 12 weeks after the administration of lead sulfide in a dosage of 50 mg. In rats PbS nanoparticles showed high neurotoxicity, while a possible mechanism was suggested to be due to the calcium homeostasis disorder which was caused by the abnormal calcium transportation. Lead sulphide was found mutagenic at the HPRT locus, in V79 cells, at concentrations that do not induce SCE.

As the number of nanoparticle-based products increase in the marketplace, there will be increased potential for human exposures to these engineered materials throughout the product life cycle. We currently lack sufficient data to understand or predict the inherent nanomaterial characteristics that drive nanomaterial-biological interactions and responses. In this study, we utilized the embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio) model to investigate the importance of nanoparticle (NP) surface functionalization, in particular as it pertains to nanoparticle stability, on in vivo biological responses. This is a comparative study where two lead sulfide nanoparticles (PbS-NPs) with nearly identical core sizes, but functionalized with either sodium 3-mercaptopropanesulfonate (MT) or sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropanesulfonate (DT) ligand, were used. Developmental exposures and assessments revealed differential biological responses to these engineered nanoparticles. Exposures beginning at 6 hr post fertilization (hpf) to MT-functionalized nanoparticles (PbS-MT) led to 100% mortality by 120 hpf while exposure to DT-functionalized nanoparticles (PbS-DT) produced less than a 5% incident in mortality at the same concentration. Exposure to the MT and DT ligands themselves did not produce adverse developmental effects when not coupled to the NP core. Following exposure, we confirmed that the embryos took up both PbS-MT and PbS-DT material using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The stability of the nanoparticles in the aqueous solution was also characterized. The nanoparticles decompose and precipitate upon exposure to air. Soluble lead ions were observed following nanoparticle precipitation and in greater concentration for the PbS-MT sample compared to the PbS-DT sample. ... /PbS nanoparticles/|Lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots (QDs) have been applied in the biomedical area because they offer an excellent platform for theragnostic applications. In order to comprehensively evaluate the biocompatibility of PbS QDs in human cells, we analyzed the exosomes secreted from cells because exosomes are released during cellular stress to convey signals to other cells and serve as a reservoir of enriched biomarkers. PbS QDs were synthesized and coated with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) to allow the particles to disperse in water. Exosomes were isolated from HEK293 cells treated with PbS-MPA at concentrations of 0 ug/mL, 5 ug/mL, and 50 ug/mL, and the exosomal expression levels of miRNAs and proteins were analyzed. As a result, five miRNAs and two proteins were proposed as specific exosomal biomarkers for the exposure of HEK293 cells to PbS-MPA. Based on the pathway analysis, the molecular signature of the exosomes suggested that PbS-MPA QDs had carcinogenic activity. The comet assay and expression of molecular markers, such as p53, interleukin (IL)-8, and C-X-C motif chemokine 5, indicated that DNA damage occurred in HEK293 cells following PbS-MPA exposure, which supported the carcinogenic activity of the particles. In addition, there was obvious intensification of miRNA expression signals in the exosomes compared with that of the parent cells, which suggested that exosomal biomarkers could be detected more sensitively than those of whole cellular extracts. /Lead sulfide quantum dots/

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ ...The toxicity of various sizes of lead sulfide particles against the important model fungus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae /was investigated/. The smallest particle exerted the highest toxicity, inhibiting cell growth and decreasing cell viability, likely reflecting reduced sedimentation and persistent cell wall attack. In response to cell wall stress, S. cerevisiae showed an increase in the cell wall chitin content and the overexpression of FKS2 and PRM5, two genes of the cell wall integrity signaling pathway. Cell wall stress increased the concentration of intracellular reactive oxygen species, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis. The contribution of dissolved lead ions to the overall toxicity was negligible. ...

Lead(II)sulfide, in the form of dust, may be released into the atmosphere from the natural weathering of crustal material containing lead(II) sulfide(SRC). Most lead is mined from the most abundant lead ore, Galena (lead(II) sulfide)(1). The lead deposits now being mined in the USA consist of almost pure galena, some of which contain over 70% lead(2). Most of lead mined in the USA is in southeastern Missouri(2). In reduced systems where sulfur is present, PbS will be formed which is the stable form of lead under these conditions(3).

Lead(II) sulfide may be released to the environment during the mining and processing of galena, the major commercial lead ore(1). Lead(II) sulfide's manufacture and use in semiconductors, infrared detectors, and ceramic glazes(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Lead(II) sulfide will not leach in soil because it is relatively insoluble(1). When galena (lead(II) sulfide) ore weathers, it forms angelesite (lead sulfate) and cerussite (lead carbonate(2).|AQUATIC FATE: If released into water, lead(II) sulfide will partly settle out due to its low solubility(1). In the dissolved state it will form ligands, the dominant ones varying with pH(2). In freshwater systems, the most important ligands are HCO3, CO3, OH and (OH)2, whereas in seawater they are Cl, CO3, (OH), (OH)2, Cl2, and CL3(2).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Lead(II) sulfide is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere which will be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition. (SRC)

Lead(II) sulfide is insoluble in water(1) and, therefore, will not readily dissolve in natural waters(SRC).

GROUNDWATER: Lead(II) sulfide, although present, was not the dominant lead species identified in contaminated aquifer water/solids(1).

Occupational exposure to lead sulfide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where lead(II) sulfide is mined or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to lead(II) sulfide via inhalation of dust in ambient air near mining operations and using traditional remedies originating from other countries. (SRC)|The aim of the present study is to prepare and characterize Naga bhasma on structural and elemental basis to address the role of the raw materials used during the preparation, compound form of the lead bhasma, nature (crystalline/amorphous) and crystallite/particle size of the drug. The study also covers the toxicological effect of the drug on albino rats. It was found that drug contains lead in nano-crystalline (approx 60 nm) lead sulfide form (Pb2+) associated with the organic contents and different nutrient elements coming from the herbs used during the preparation. Naga bhasma prepared was found to be totally safe in histopathology study on rats at a dose of 6 mg/100 g/day. The different characterization techniques used present a role model for the quality control and standardization of such kinds of herbo-metallic medicines.

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using microorganisms has attracted a lot of attention in recent years as this route has the potential to lead to synthesis of monodisperse nanoparticles. Here, we report the intracellular synthesis of stable lead sulfide nanoparticles by a marine yeast, Rhodosporidium diobovatum. The PbS nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive atomic spectroscopy (EDAX). UV-visible absorption scan revealed a peak at 320 nm, a characteristic of the nanosize range. XRD confirmed the presence of PbS nanoparticles of cubic structure. Crystallite size as determined from transmission electron microscopy was found to be in the range of 2-5 nm. Elemental analysis by EDAX revealed the presence of particles composed of lead and sulfur in a 1:2 ratio indicating that PbS nanoparticles were capped by a sulfur-rich peptide. A quantitative study of lead uptake through atomic absorption spectrometry revealed that 55% of lead in the medium was accumulated in the exponential phase, whereas a further 35% was accumulated in the stationary phase; thus, the overall recovery of PbS nanoparticles was 90%. The lead-exposed yeast displayed a marked increase (280% over the control) in nonprotein thiols in the stationary phase. /PbS nanoparticles/|Data obtained from a feeding study in rats /showed that/ lead uptake into rat femurs was highly dependent on the chemical form of lead administered. Bioavailability was highest for lead acetate, intermediate for lead oxide, and lowest for lead sulfide and Alaskan mixed ore concentrate. This uptake was linearly related to dose over the range studied.|... Under fasting conditions /in humans/ absorption of lead nitrate, lead sulfide, and lead cysteine ranged from 16 to 53%.|/In rats/, absorption of sulfide, chromate, naphenate, and octoate were absorbed at only 44-67% the rate of absorption for lead acetate. ... Update of lead into the femurs of rats was highest for lead acetate, intermediate for lead oxide, and lowest for lead sulfide and a mixture of Alaskan ore concentrate.|The lead sulfide (PbS) in galena is insoluble and absorption from the lung is limited; however, in the stomach, some lead sulfide may be converted to slightly soluble lead chloride which may then be absorbed in moderate quantities.

INHALATION OR INGESTION: Abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, constipation, apathy or irritability, vomiting, fatigue, headache, weakness metallic taste and muscle incoordination. Lead line on gums. EYES: Irritation. May cause corneal destruction. SKIN: Pain and severe burns. (USCG, 1999)|Carcinogens

Call a doctor. INHALATION: Remove from exposure. EYES: Flush with running water. SKIN: Wash with soap and water. INGESTION: Gastric lavage if vomiting is not extensive. Give egg white or milk as demulcent. (USCG, 1999)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Lead and Related Compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Lead and Related Compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in sereve respiratory distress. Moderate hyperventilation (20 respirations per minute) may be beneficial for increased intracranial pressure. Start IV adminitration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) TKO. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Lead and Related Compounds/|Treatment: Emergency and supportive measures: Treat seizures and coma if they occur. Provide adequate fluids to maintain urine flow (optimally 1-2 mL/kg/hr) but avoid overhydration, which may aggravate cerebral edema. Avoid phenothiazines for delirium, as they may lower the seizure threshold. Patients with increased intracranial pressure may benefit from corticosteroids ... and mannitol ... .|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Lead(II) Sulfide (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Lead sulfide may deposit as a thin line along the gingival margin. This line appears blue to black and is called a Burtonian line. It is characteristic of chronic lead poisoning.|/CASE REPORTS/ The /study/ report the observation of lead poisoning in a young Moroccan woman, which was caused by prolonged use of a khol made of lead sulfide. Khol is a black eye make-up used since Ancient Egypt. Clinically, this poisoning presented with abdominal crampoid pain, encephalopathy (manifested as anxiety and irritability), a Burtonian gingival border and microcytic sideropenic anemia. Emergency chelate treatment permitted to improve clinical state and to decrease blood levels (initial blood concentration: 490 micrograms/dL; concentration six weeks after treatment: 49 micrograms/dL). ...|/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots (QDs) have been applied in the biomedical area because they offer an excellent platform for theragnostic applications. In order to comprehensively evaluate the biocompatibility of PbS QDs in human cells, we analyzed the exosomes secreted from cells because exosomes are released during cellular stress to convey signals to other cells and serve as a reservoir of enriched biomarkers. PbS QDs were synthesized and coated with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) to allow the particles to disperse in water. Exosomes were isolated from HEK293 cells treated with PbS-MPA at concentrations of 0 ug/mL, 5 ug/mL, and 50 ug/mL, and the exosomal expression levels of miRNAs and proteins were analyzed. As a result, five miRNAs and two proteins were proposed as specific exosomal biomarkers for the exposure of HEK293 cells to PbS-MPA. Based on the pathway analysis, the molecular signature of the exosomes suggested that PbS-MPA QDs had carcinogenic activity. The comet assay and expression of molecular markers, such as p53, interleukin (IL)-8, and C-X-C motif chemokine 5, indicated that DNA damage occurred in HEK293 cells following PbS-MPA exposure, which supported the carcinogenic activity of the particles. In addition, there was obvious intensification of miRNA expression signals in the exosomes compared with that of the parent cells, which suggested that exosomal biomarkers could be detected more sensitively than those of whole cellular extracts.

galena

Grades: Technical, CP /chemically pure/, electronic.|Technical and high purity (99.999%) grades.|Naga bhasma

Lead sulfide (PbS): ACTIVE|Galena or lead sulfide, PbS, theoretically 86.6% Pb, is by far the most important lead mineral and the sole primary one.

NIOSH Method 7505. Determination of Lead Sulfide Samples by X-Ray Powder Diffraction. Analyte: Lead sulfide; Matrix: air; Procedure: X-ray powder diffraction; Range: 30 to 2000 ug/samp; Est LOD: 3 ug/samp; Precision: 0.081 (40 to 260 ug/samp; Interferences: lead oxide, lead sulfate, copper iron sulfide.

Health Hazards -> Carcinogens